Pesticides |
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PESTICIDES: Application Safeguards
They are all toxic so beware of them; wear protective clothing and a face-mask because ordinary clothing absorbs the spray; notify someone outside the greenhouse that you going to spray; always shower after; spray only in the morning when it is cooler; spray outdoors only on a calm day; re-enter a closed sprayed area only after the toxic has been dispersed; the spray residue builds up on leaf surfaces, so wash your hands every time you handle a plant; promise? F087-126
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PESTICIDES: Applicator's Licence
A restricted pesticide applicatorf s licence can be obtained by anyone who buys the government pesticides manual and passes an exam after taking a course given by Agriculture agents; the manual alone is well worth the price. F087-126
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PESTICIDES: Available Only to Commercial Nurseries
Agricultural chemicals are strictly regulated and their availability is usually restricted before being made available as a consumer package, and it may be delayed for years; repackaging into smaller packages is illegal, so you can't easily buy a few dollars worth, except from a brother. F83-155
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PESTICIDES: Characteristics and Dangers
A recent review of them from the orchidist's viewpoint and requirements, with an LD50 list; refer to AU80-25+
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PESTICIDES: Chemicals
For a list of those used in plant disease control, with both common and chemical names, their Lethai Dose-50 rating and their use as either systemics, fungicides, disinfectants, bactericides, algicides, germicides or nematocides; refer to OBIV-266
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PESTICIDES: Classification
Chemical relationships: Organo-phosphates: Parathion, TEPP, Sulfotepp, Dibron, Systox, Metasystox-R, Thimet, Cygon, Diazinon, Ethion, Malathion, Vapona; 2: Chlorinated hydrocarbons: Chlorobenzilate, Kelthane, Dimite; 3: Sulfenones: Tedion, Ovex, Genite; 4: Sulfites: Aramite, Omite; 5: Cyclic carbonates: Morestan; 6: Pentac; 7: Carbamates: Zectran, Mesurol, Temik. A70-948; OWD
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PESTICIDES: Compatibility
Mixing of two brands is often done but combinations may injure plants where each singly does not; mix powders with powders, E.C's. with E.C's., always in the same class of pesticide. AH86-66
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PESTICIDES: Compatibility Charts
Charts of pesticides that can be mixed before applying have been published; two addresses given; Kelthane and Malathion are compatible. A69-793
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PESTICIDES: Data and Conduct
Explanation of all the terms for 11 fungicides used on orchids; 23 insecticides with trade names and toxicity ratings; for details refer to NZ86-47; for classification of them see OA82-113
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PESTICIDES: Excessive Uses
A preventive spraying program leads to phytotoxicity in the plants. A76-698
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PESTICIDES: Frequency of Spraying
Depends on the product: Benlate can be applied every two weeks until the fungus is controlled in two or three applications; pesticides generally can be applied every three or four weeks until control is achieved. A82-1178
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PESTICIDES: Injury to Plants
Use them with great caution; observe precautions regarding temperatures at which to apply, frequency of application and rates and compatibility; they can cause leaf-scorch, necrotic spotting, abnormal pigmentation. AH53
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PESTICIDES: Kocide and Zyban
New names, they should first be checked to see if they have been cleared for orchids at your local Agriculture Department level; recommendations are the same rates for both Kocide 101 and Zyban 15%: 1.5 pounds of the WP per 100 gallons of water. A85-611
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PESTICIDES: Lethal Dose
The "LD50" means the amount of the chemical that will obtain a 50% kill of warm-blooded animals with a single dose; the dose is given in milligrams of chemical per kilogram of body weight. A71-893
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PESTICIDES: Non-use
Some good growers rarely use them; they rely on good culture, with pest-free results. A76-698
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PESTICIDES: Phytotoxicity
It appears in five ways: as burn, on leaf tip, on leaf margin, on leaf surface, or bud; as necrosis, which is similar to burn; chlorosis which is a yellowing or bleaching effect, such as spotting tip yellowing, or failure of the whole leaf; leaf distortion, such as curling, crinkling or cupping; and, stunting. AH86-66
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PESTICIDES: Plants Newly Introduced Into Greenhouse
All should be sprayed; recommended: Isotox plant spray which is as good as any, or Diazinon 50%WP. A78-403
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PESTICIDES: Poisonous
So many are deadly; for a list of substances with LD50 rate and notes, refer to N314
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PESTICIDES: Pots Brought Into Growing Area
Pots brought into a roofed slathouse should be treated with granules such as metaldehyde and mesurol; spread them over and around the pots. A78-403
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PESTICIDES: Prophylactic Use
A mix of Natriphene, fertilizer and water every morning on plants is not recommended; don't over-do a good thing. A86-1033
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PESTICIDES: Recommended Names
For a list of 22 substances usually used in greenhouses, with their LD50 rating, and useful notes, refer to N314
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PESTICIDES: Registration for Use on Orchids
Many standards are not registered: Truban (ethazol), Subdue 2E (metalaxyl) and Physan (n-alkyl ammonium chlorides) are three frequently recommended and widely used; a petition is recommended to get them recognized by the authorities. A86-915
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PESTICIDES: Regular Use
A regular programme of applying pesticides is not beneficial to the plants, except in moderation. A78-112
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PESTICIDES: Review
Safety ratings, label warning statements; toxicity table of the most popular formulations; their availibility; a compatibility table of 22 kinds; their application; storage, shelf life, etc.; refer to AH104+
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PESTICIDES: Rules for Application
Identify the right insect or disease; use the recommended insecticide; use it at the right amount, in the right way and at the right time. AH86-64
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PESTICIDES: Safe Use of Dangerous Materials
For a long list of the do 1 s and don'ts refer to AU87(3)-45
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PESTICIDES: Shelf Deterioration
Benlate remains effective in storage for two years but a solution of it must be used in eight hours, if left for 24 hours it becomes harmful to plants and not insects; Di-Systox lasts two years on shelf, Meta-Systox lasts two years also, Captan three years,and Malathion lasts indefinitely. AU84-102
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PESTICIDES: Shelf Life
They should be purchased for short-term use; mark the date of purchase on the container; most keep their effectiveness for two or more years if stpred properly; signs of ineffectiveness in dusts and powders: lumping, and hard to suspend in water; emulsions or oil sprays: sludge forms or they have no milky appearance when water is added. C71-64
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PESTICIDES: Storage
Emulsifiable concentrates and most liquids should be stored above freezing; if properly sealed they should remain effective for two years; do not use if the emulsifiable concentrate does not turn "milky" when water is added or if they develop an insoluble sludge. AH109
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PESTICIDES: Stored for Use
Both fungicides and insecticides deteriorate rapidly when stored in dilute solution with water. A67-901
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PESTICIDES: Systemic Types
Mixing them together; there is only one true systemic and that is the fungicide Benlate or benomyl; Cygon is only somewhat systemic; a good possibility they can be mixed; so far, no systemic insecticide or miticide has been approved for use on orchids. A74-595
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PESTICIDES: Temperatures At Which it Is Hazardous for Humans to Work with Them
Above 85 deg.F. in the afternoon it is best not to work with them. OD75-162
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PESTICIDES: Toxicity Ratings
For a list of pesticides in Australia, many of whi ch have strange trade names for common brands elsewhere, refer to AU87(3)-46
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PESTICIDES: Toxicity to Humans
For a table with generic and trade names, their toxicity class, Lethal-Dose/50 data, acute dermal and inhalation toxici ties for 18 common brands, refer to AH86-66
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PESTICIDES: Types Included in the Word
Algacides, biological pesticides, fungicides, herbacides, insecticides, molluscicides (snail baits) and rodenticides; many of these names are entered in this book. AU87(3)-45; RMH
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PESTICIDES: Vulnerable Parts of the Human Body
All parts; the most vulnerable are: the skin, particularly of the scrotum, the upper legs and the lower trunk area; one drop or two of a common organophosphate such as parathion, sulfotepp, etc., on the body is very dangerous; wear a rubber apron. OD75-162; malathion not as bad. OWD
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